SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Infrastructure security</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Infrastructure security</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Infrastructure security</b> is the <a href="Security" title="Security">security</a> provided to protect <a href="Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, especially <a href="Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">critical infrastructure</a>, such as <a href="Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, <a href="Highway" title="Highway">highways</a> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>, <a href="Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, <a href="Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport hubs</a>, network communications, <a href="Media_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (communication)">media</a>, the <a href="Grid_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid (electricity)">electricity grid</a>, <a href="Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, <a href="Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a>, <a href="Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a>, <a href="Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>, <a href="Liquefied_natural_gas_terminal" title="Liquefied natural gas terminal">liquefied natural gas terminals</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Water system">water systems</a>. Infrastructure security seeks to limit vulnerability of these structures and systems to <a href="Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, <a href="Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and <a href="Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Critical infrastructures naturally utilize information technology as this capability has become more and more available. As a result, they have become highly interconnected, and interdependent. Intrusions and disruptions in one infrastructure might provoke unexpected failures in others, which makes handing interdependencies a key concern.<sup id="cite_ref-electrical-defense_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrical-defense-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are several examples where an incident at one critical infrastructure site affects others. For example, in 2003, the Northeastern American areas experienced a <a href="Northeast_Blackout_of_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Blackout of 2003">power outage</a> that appears to have originated in the Midwest, and possibly from a tree branch.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, damage caused by <a href="Metcalf_sniper_attack" title="Metcalf sniper attack">a sniper attack</a> at an <a href="Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">electrical substation</a> in California threatened power distribution throughout Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="2020_Nashville_bombing" title="2020 Nashville bombing">2020 Nashville bombing</a> caused telecommunications outages in several states.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_causes_of_infrastructure_failure">Potential causes of infrastructure failure</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>Critical infrastructure is vital for essential functioning of a country. Incidental or deliberate damage will have serious impact on the economy as well as providing essential services to the communities it serves. There are a number of reasons why infrastructure needs to be heavily secured and protected.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> - person or groups deliberately targeting critical infrastructure for political gain. In the <a href="2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>, the Mumbai central station and hospital were deliberately targeted.</li>

<li><a href="Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a> – person of groups breaking into critical infrastructure sites like electrical substations or telecommunication towers to steal materials or equipment (e.g. <a href="Metal_theft" title="Metal theft">metal theft</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a> - person or groups such as ex-employee, political groups against governments, environmental groups in defense of environment. Refer to <a href="People's_Alliance_for_Democracy#Seizure_of_Suvarnabhumi_International_Airport" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">Bangkok's International Airport Seized by Protestors</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a> - private person hacking for private gain or countries initiating attacks to glean information and also damage a country's infrastructure. For example, in <a href="2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">cyberattacks on Estonia</a> and <a href="Cyberattacks_during_the_2008_South_Ossetia_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia war">cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia war</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a> - hurricane or natural events which damage critical infrastructure such as oil pipelines, water and power grids. See <a href="Hurricane_Ike#Oil_and_gas_spills" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> and <a href="Economic_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina">Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_challenges_for_the_electricity_infrastructure">Security challenges for the electricity infrastructure</h2></div>

<p>One of the fundamental foundations of modern society is the electrical power systems. An intentional disruption of electricity supplies would affect national security, the economy, and every person's life. Because power grids and their sources are widely dispersed, this is a challenge for the effectiveness of defensive organizations and structures.<sup id="cite_ref-elec-infra_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elec-infra-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sabotage can damage electrical sources for the power grid, including civilian nuclear power stations. Sabotage in the form of cyberattacks can create havoc with computer, communication, and information systems, which could severely interrupt the electrical supply. This in turn can cause major disruptions to other infrastructure components of society. Comprehensive defense plans are proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-electrical-defense_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrical-defense-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One method is to isolate load systems. Sophisticated defense systems should be wide-area, real-time protection, with control systems that are alerted and guided by sensing technologies. Communication and information must be capably routed.<sup id="cite_ref-electrical-defense_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrical-defense-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remedies">Remedies</h2></div>

<p>Many countries have initiated government agencies to directly manage the security of critical infrastructure usually through the Ministry of Interior/Home Affairs, dedicated security agencies to protect facilities such as <a href="United_States_Federal_Protective_Service" title="United States Federal Protective Service">United States Federal Protective Service</a>, as well as dedicated transport police such as the UK's <a href="British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> and <a href="Amtrak_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtrak Police">Amtrak Police</a> in the United States.

</p><p>A number of government organizations focus on infrastructure security and protection. In the USA, the Technical Support Working Group has the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906004033/http://www.tswg.gov/tswg/ip/ip_ma.htm">Infrastructure Protection Subgroup</a>. The UK has the <a href="National_Infrastructure_Security_Co-ordination_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Infrastructure Security Co-ordination Centre">National Infrastructure Security Co-ordination Centre</a>.

</p><p>Critical infrastructure sites may deploy <a href="Perimeter_intrusion_detection_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimeter intrusion detection systems">perimeter intrusion detection systems</a>, <a href="Video_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Video surveillance">video surveillance</a>, <a href="Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a> and other <a href="Security_alarm" title="Security alarm">security systems</a> to detect and respond to intruders and other security events. Meanwhile, maritime and offshore critical infrastructure sites can benefit from the deployment of satellite imagery, sensors, advanced patrol aircraft, autonomous underwater vehicles and anti-drone capabilities, among other solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">Homeland security</a></li>

<li><a href="Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li>

<li><a href="Port_security" title="Port security">Seaport security</a></li>

<li><a href="Supply_chain_security" title="Supply chain security">Supply chain security</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_security" title="Physical security">Physical security</a></li>

<li><a href="High-voltage_transformer_fire_barriers" title="High-voltage transformer fire barriers">High-voltage transformer fire barriers</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear security">Nuclear security</a></li></ul>

<p><b>US or North American specific:</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Federal_Protective_Service" title="United States Federal Protective Service">United States Federal Protective Service</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Infrastructure_Protection_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Infrastructure Protection Plan">National Infrastructure Protection Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="North_American_Electric_Reliability_Corporation" title="North American Electric Reliability Corporation">North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202052053/http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/highway/index.shtm">"TSA: Highways"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/highway/index.shtm">the original</a> on 2008-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTrakimavicius" class="citation news cs1">Trakimavicius, Lukas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepa.org/article/required-sentinels-for-europes-maritime-lifelines/">"Required: Sentinels for Europe's Maritime Lifelines"</a>. <i>Center for European Policy Analysis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161520/http://www.tsa.gov/who_we_are/index.shtm">"TSA | Who We Are"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsa.gov/who_we_are/index.shtm">the original</a> on 2008-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-electrical-defense-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-electrical-defense_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrical-defense_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrical-defense_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Hao; et al. (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.smith.edu/~jcardell/Readings/TRUST%20US/IEEE%20Proc%20May%202005/PwrSys%20Defense.pdf">"Strategic Power Infrastructure Defense"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>93</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">918–</span>933. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2005.847260">10.1109/JPROC.2005.847260</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3242429">3242429</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230191950/http://www.geocities.com/blohm_r/NYTimes130504.htm/">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/blohm_r/NYTimes130504.htm/">the original</a> on 2015-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2014" class="citation web cs1">Martinez, Michael (8 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2014/02/07/us/california-sniper-attack-power-substation/index.html">"Sniper fire on Silicon Valley power grid spurs ex-regulator's crusade"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-elec-infra-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elec-infra_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMassoud2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Massoud_Amin" title="Massoud Amin">Massoud, Amin</a> (April 2002). "Security Challenges for the Electricity Infrastructure (Supplement to Computer Magazine)". <i>Computer</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 8. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2002.10042">10.1109/MC.2002.10042</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTrakimavicius" class="citation news cs1">Trakimavicius, Lukas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepa.org/article/required-sentinels-for-europes-maritime-lifelines/">"Required: Sentinels for Europe's Maritime Lifelines"</a>. <i>Center for European Policy Analysis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsa.gov/">US Transportation Security Administration Website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/security/">UK Department of Transport's Transport Security</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcis.org/">Partnership for Critical Infrastructure Security</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_defence148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible state = autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Civil_defence148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Civil_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil defence">Civil defence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Citizens!_During_shelling_this_side_of_the_street_is_the_most_dangerous" title="Citizens! During shelling this side of the street is the most dangerous">Citizens! During shelling this side of the street is the most dangerous</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Defence_Corps" title="Civil Defence Corps">Civil Defence Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Defence_Service" title="Civil Defence Service">Civil Defence Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Luftschutzpolizei" title="Luftschutzpolizei">Luftschutzpolizei</a></li>

<li><a href="Osoaviakhim" title="Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li>

<li><a href="Reichsluftschutzbund" title="Reichsluftschutzbund">Reichsluftschutzbund</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Civil_Defence_Board" title="Swedish Civil Defence Board">Swedish Civil Defence Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Technische_Nothilfe" title="Technische Nothilfe">Technische Nothilfe</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li>

<li><a href="Unione_Nazionale_Protezione_Antiaerea" title="Unione Nazionale Protezione Antiaerea">Unione Nazionale Protezione Antiaerea</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li>

<li><a href="Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_defense_Geiger_counters" title="Civil defense Geiger counters">Geiger counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_defense_siren" title="Civil defense siren">Civil defense siren</a>

<li><a href="Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">Emergency population warning</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Merkhav_Mugan" title="Merkhav Mugan">Merkhav Mugan</a></li>

<li><a href="Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_reserve" title="Strategic reserve">Strategic reserve</a>

<ul><li><a href="Strategic_steam_reserve" title="Strategic steam reserve">Strategic steam reserve</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Volcano_observatory" title="Volcano observatory">Volcano observatory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decontamination" title="Decontamination">Decontamination</a>

<ul><li><a href="Contamination_control" title="Contamination control">Contamination control</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_decontamination" title="Human decontamination">Human decontamination</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_decontamination" title="Mass decontamination">Mass decontamination</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li>

<li><a href="Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">Search and rescue</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algerian_Civil_Defence" title="Algerian Civil Defence">Algerian Civil Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Air_Defense_Bureau_of_the_National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Air Defense Bureau of the National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">Civil Air Defense Bureau (China)</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Defense_Directorate" title="Civil Defense Directorate">Civil Defense Directorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Defence_Ireland" title="Civil Defence Ireland">Civil Defence Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Protection_in_Switzerland" title="Civil Protection in Switzerland">Civil Protection in Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_of_Emergency_Situations_and_Civil_Defense_of_Tajikistan" title="Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense of Tajikistan">Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense of Tajikistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ch%C5%8Dnaikai" title="Chōnaikai">Chōnaikai</a></li>

<li><a href="Dubai_Civil_Defence" title="Dubai Civil Defence">Dubai Civil Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate_General_of_Civil_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Directorate General of Civil Defence (Pakistan)">Directorate General of Civil Defence (Pakistan)</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_Alliance" title="Forward Alliance">Forward Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_Front_Command" title="Home Front Command">Home Front Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuma_Academy" title="Kuma Academy">Kuma Academy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_Civil_Defense" title="Lebanese Civil Defense">Lebanese Civil Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_Civil_Defence" title="Norwegian Civil Defence">Norwegian Civil Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Civil_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)">Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_Civil_Defence" title="Palestinian Civil Defence">Palestinian Civil Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Protezione_Civile" title="Protezione Civile">Protezione Civile</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Korea_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Republic of Korea Civil Defense Corps">Republic of Korea Civil Defense Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="Saudi_Civil_Defense" title="Saudi Civil Defense">Saudi Civil Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile" title="Sécurité Civile">Sécurité Civile</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Civil_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil Defence">Syrian Civil Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Emergency Service of Ukraine">State Emergency Service of Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Singapore_Civil_Defence_Force" title="Singapore Civil Defence Force">Singapore Civil Defence Force</a></li>

<li><a href="Worker-Peasant_Red_Guards" title="Worker-Peasant Red Guards">Worker-Peasant Red Guards</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Civil_defense_by_country" title="Civil defense by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civil_defence_in_Finland" title="Civil defence in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_defense_in_Israel" title="Civil defense in Israel">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beneath_the_City_Streets" title="Beneath the City Streets">Beneath the City Streets</a></li>

<li><a href="In_case_of_crisis_or_war" title="In case of crisis or war">In case of crisis or war</a></li>

<li><a href="Making_Europe_Unconquerable" title="Making Europe Unconquerable">Making Europe Unconquerable</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Homeland_defense" title="Homeland defense">Homeland defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_defence" title="Total defence">Total defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Transarmament" title="Transarmament">Transarmament</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="All_clear" title="All clear">All clear</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">Emergency service</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_civil_defense_ranks" title="List of civil defense ranks">List of civil defense ranks</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Red_Dragon_(civil_defense_exercise)" title="Operation Red Dragon (civil defense exercise)">Operation Red Dragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_silence" title="Radio silence">Radio silence</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Infrastructure_security&oldid=1301078965">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>